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An Introduction to Transistors |
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**Introduction** Start here |
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+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
"The transistor was probably the most important invention of the 20th Century, and the story behind the invention is one of clashing egos and top secret research."
This picture shows the workbench of John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Laboratories. They were supposed to be doing fundamental research about crystal surfaces. The experimental results hadn't been very good, though, and there's a rumor that their boss, William Shockley, came near to canceling the project. But in 1947, working alone, they switched to using tremendously pure materials. It dawned on them that they could build the circuit in the picture. It was a working amplifier! John and Walter submitted a patent for the first working point contact transistor. Shockley was furious and took their work and invented the junction transistor and submitted a patent for it 9 days later. The three shared a Nobel Prize. Bardeen and Brattain continued in research (and Bardeen later won another Nobel). Shockley quit to start a semiconductor company in Palo Alto. It folded, but its staff went on to invent the integrated circuit (the "chip") and to found Intel Corporation. By 1960, all important computers used transistors for logic, and ferrite cores for memory. Memory chips replaced core in the 1970's.
1. INTRODUCTION - A transistor is a small electronic device that
can cause changes in a large electrical output signal by small changes in a
small input signal. That is, a weak input signal can be amplified (made
stronger) by a transistor. For example, very weak radio signals in the
air can be picked up by a wire antenna and processed by transistor amplifiers
until they are strong enough to be heard by the human ear. A transistor
consists of three layers of silicon or germanium semiconductor material.
Impurities are added to each layer to create a specific electrical positive or
negative charged behavior. "P" is for a positive charged
layer and "N" is for a negative charged layer. Transistors are
either NPN or PNP in the configuration of the layers. There is no
particular difference here except the polarity of voltages that need to be
applied to make the transistor operate. The weak input signal is applied to
the center layer called the base and usually referenced to ground which is
also connected to the bottom layer called the emitter. The larger output
signal is take from the collector also referenced to ground and the emitter.
Additional resistors and capacitors are required along with at least one DC
power source to complete the transistor amplifier. You should have
already studied the basic electricity and basic electronics sections of this
web site and have a fairly good understanding of how resistors and capacitors
effect electrical circuits. A typical transistor amplifier is
shown below.
Introduction to the transistor:
A silicon bipolar transistor - BASICS - watch the video.
Detailed transistor links
http://www.williamson-labs.com
Introduction |
Fundamentals |
Gain = Hfe = Beta |
D.C. Coupled |
A.C. Coupled |
V to I Converter |
I to V Converter |
Bias |
Clipping & Cutoff |
Common Emitter Stage |
Animations |
Common Base Stage |
Common Collector Stage |
Darlington Pair |
Emitter Follower |
D.C. Feedback |
Thermal Feedback |
Video Amplifier |
Differential Amplifier |
CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio |
Gain Bandwidth Product |
Miller Effect |
Bypassing Supply Rail (LINK) |
Voltage Regulator |
A.C. Feedback |
High Frequency Compensation |
Input Impedance |
How a bipolar switching transistor works. Watch the video. Part 1
Transistor video - Part 2
How Transistors"Really" Work http://amasci.com/amateur/transis.html
START HERE: Introduction to the Transistor: http://www.4p8.com/eric.brasseur/vtranen.html
Excellent Introduction to Transistors http://www.kilowattclassroom.com/Archive/Transistor.pdf
Transistor Circuits: Explained! http://www.electronicsexplained.co.uk/transistor_circuits.htm
EngPlanet: Semiconductor Fundamentals - http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?2436
EngPlanet: The p-n Junction - http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?2437
EngPlanet: The Bipolar Transistor - http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?2435
Transistor
Radio Directory
(Aldo Andreani) http://sites.google.com/site/aldoandr/
(Wonderful resource for information on the transistor.)
Links from: http://courses.ncsu.edu:8020/ece480/common/htdocs/
Introduction |
Fundamentals |
Gain Hfe Beta |
D.C. Coupled |
A.C. Coupled |
V to I Convertor |
I to V Convertor |
Bias |
Clipping & Cutoff |
Common Emitter Stage |
Animations |
Common Base Stage |
Common Collector Stage |
Darlington Pair |
Emitter Follower |
Voltage Regulator |
D.C. Feedback |
A.C. Feedback |
Thermal Feedback |
Video Amplifier |
Introduction |
Fundamentals |
Gain Hfe Beta |
D.C. Coupled |
A.C. Coupled |
V to I Convertor |
I to V Convertor |
Bias |
Clipping & Cutoff |
Common Emitter Stage |
Animations |
Common Base Stage |
Common Collector Stage |
Darlington Pair |
Emitter Follower |
Voltage Regulator |
D.C. Feedback |
A.C. Feedback |
Thermal Feedback |
Video Amplifier |
Differential Amplifier |
CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio |
Gain Bandwidth Product |
Miller Effect |
Bypassing Supply Rail |
High Frequency Compensation |
Input Impedance |
Output Impedance |
Useful transistor links:
Crystal
Structure
Physical Properties
Semiconductor
Physics
Physical Properties in
detail
Electrical Properties
of Semiconductors
The
p-n Junction
The
MOS structure
Metal-Semiconductor
Junctions
Java Applets
Illustrations
More Semiconductor Applets
List of Semiconductor Tutorials http://www.americanmicrosemi.com/information/tutorial/
2. TYPICAL TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT - This is a silicon transistor circuit showing typical voltage values. When the forward base/emitter voltage is 0.6 to 0.7 V, the transistor is silicon. Germanium transistors will have a forward base/emitter bias voltage of 0.2 to 0.3 V This is a silicon transistor because 2.6 base volts minus 1.9 emitter volts equal a forward bias of 0.7 volts indicating a silicon transistor.
At this point you should have more questions and want to learn more about how transistor circuits work, how to design your own transistor circuits and build electronic equipment. Therefore; the next step would be to study the material in the following links. From this study you will be on your way to learning more about transistor amplifier bias arrangements, the importance of impedance matching, transistor specifications, and transistor parameters.
Typical RF transistor circuits http://www.tpub.com/neets/book8/31g.htm
Circuit Design Basics: http://analyzethat.net/electrical_engineering.php
RF coupling circuits http://www.tpub.com/neets/book8/31f.htm
Schematics http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Circuits/cctindex.html
How to read schematics http://www.angelfire.com/ab2/BEAM/info/help.html
Transistor Circuits - http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/electronics/circuits.htm
- http://www.discovercircuits.com/T/transistor.htm
Examples from http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~mleach/ece3050/
Transistor
Circuits
Multiple Transistor Circuits
Discover
Circuits - Transistor Circuits
Transistor
Circuits
Transistor
Circuits
4QD-ORG
file redirect
Example
Transistor Circuits
The
educational encyclopedia, electronic course material
BJT
Transistor Circuits
Transistor
Circuits
Vintage
Radio Repair and Restoration - Transistor Circuits and
Transistors
Electronics
Explained
photo
transistor circuit on GlobalSpec
[PDF] Two
transistor circuit replaces IC
The
basic transistor amplifier Transistor
Schematics http://www.sfe-dcs.com/NewStuff/NewFiles.html
-
Two transistor amplifier circuit with feedback
-
Transistor active high pass filter
-
Transistor current limiter for power supplies
TranConf | Transistor Configurations and how to identify them | |
TranConf_c | Some color added to TranConf | |
TranCkts | Can you properly identify these Transistor Circuits and Functions? | |
TranProb | Solve in detail this Transistor Circuit Problem. | |
Tran2Stge | Solve this 2-Stage Transistor Circuit Problem |
Vintage
Transistor Radio Circuit Diagrams - Schematics - Servicing
Layout Design: Basic Transistor Level Schematics
Transistor
Tutorial
for LEDs and Transistors
[PDF] Computer-Based
Project in VLSI Design Co 3/8
Schematics
Help
Discover
Circuits - Amplifier Circuits - Audio Schematics
Press
Release - Concept Engineering Adds Transistor-Level
T-engine
- Transistor-Level Schematic Generator
Furby
Schematics
Diodes
Different
types of Diodes
The
Bipolar Transistor
The MOSFET
The JFET
The
IGBT
Thyristors
Java
Applet: The Diode
Java
Applet: The BJT
Java
Applet: The MOSFET
A large scale drawing of the entire
circuitry for a single micro-chip is produced. |
[PDF] PNP
Transistor Fabrication
Molecular
Expressions: Electricity and Magnetism - Interactive
[PDF] Bi-Polar
Si-Ge
The Chip
Collection - TI Transistor Fabrication Display
Inventing
New Products/Inventions: "Fabrication of transistors
Proximity effect of
electron beam lithography for single-electron
Engineering,
Inovation, and Design
Technology
Challenges for 100nm and Beyond Transistor and
nMOSFET
Fabrication
transistor fabrication - Google Search
[DOC] Ga2O3
Nanowire: FET Fabrication and Electrical Transport Studies
TSMC Qualifies
Applied Materials' Gate Stack System for Its
The
Chip Collection - Texas Instruments' Pictures ONLY
[PDF] High
breakdown voltage AlGaN-GaNHEMTs achieved by multiple field
NRL -
Fabrication of a Fast Turn-Off Transistor by Wafer Bonding
Presentations
FET3
Apple -
PowerPC G5 - IBM Fabrication Process
Styrenic
polymers as gate dielectrics for pentacene field-effect
Recognized
HTML document
The
Manufacturing Process
Crystal growth
Oxidation
of Silicon
Photolithography
Doping
Process
Thin
Film Deposition
Fabrication
of a P-N Junction
Fabrication
of MOS Devices
Java
Applet to building an FET
Java
Applet to buiding an FET and a BJT
Java
Applet to building a CMOS transistor pair
TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS
Amplifiers
Linear Amplifier Basics in detail
[PDF] Transistor
Amplifiers
Audio
Amplifiers
The
Transistor Amplifier - Page 1
The
common-collector amplifier - Chapter 4: BIPOLAR JUNCTION
[PDF] Differential
transistor amplifiers
Approach
Yields Low-Noise Amplifiers
THE
TRANSISTOR AS A VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
THE
BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER-Cont.
[PDF] Bipolar
Transistor Amplifiers
Lab
11 - Transistor Amplifiers
[PDF] Two
Stage Transistor Audio Amplifier
Valve
Amplifiers
WiMo:
VHF Transistor amplifie
BASIC
TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
Valve
sound - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
MSN
Encarta - Multimedia - Figure 2: NPN Transistor Amplifie
Amplifiers
for DC Servomotors - Tutorial - Development Library
Elsevier.com
- Radio Frequency Transistors
[PDF] EE
8395 Microwave Transistor Amplifiers Course Information
DECWARE
- Article on Tubes vs. Transistors - Part I
TRANSISTOR PROJECTS YOU CAN BUILD
Electronic
Transistor Circuits for the Hobbyist
One
transistor FM radio project
903 383-7047 STORMWISE
Ferrite Rods Long Ferrite Rods VLF Antenna
Transistors
VK3YE's Australian
QRP Home Page: Suggested Projects
300W Audio
amplifie
Full Featured Transistor
Tester - ESP Projects Page
Tutorial for LEDs and
Transistors
Electronics and Electricity
Kits
ePanoramas
All Games and
Toys.Com - Educational Activities
9 projects with 1
transistor Everyday I receive one or two E-mail
Robot
Project FAQ
How to Build a Digital Clock
Educational and fun
electronic kits
Transistor Museum Construction
Projects Point Contact Germanium
BUILD YOUR OWN BFO METAL
DETECTOR
How
To Choose The Right Motor
Talking
Electronics PIC Theory 5x7 DISPLAY Data Sheets for the
Oatbox
Crystal Set Project
[PDF] PageMaker
4.0 - GUIDE.PM4
HandsOnEE
Syllabus: 9-20-03
square
wave test signal generator
AMZ Projects
Laurier's Handy
Dandy Little Circuits: Supply Project.html
Logging Frequency Counter
[PDF] EE321
Project 2: Transistor Simulation
Stereo
VU Meter
5-Projects
Page 18
Elmer 001 - The Pixie
2 Project (Parts List and Additional Parts
Altair's N4YWK Microwave Radio
Projects
LIGHTS OUT
CIRCUITRY
[PDF] PageMaker 4.0 -
RS.PM4
28-161
'30-in-ONE' Electronic Projects Lab Kit Features
NOGA
QRP - Projects
Circuit Design Basics: http://analyzethat.net/electrical_engineering.php
- How to understand or design circuits with transistors.
AppCAD Ver 3.0.2 now available !
[PDF] Darlington~s Contributions To Transistor Circuit Design - Circuits
NTSC Television Tutorials
Discover Circuits - Transistor Circuits
[PDF] Microwave Transistor Circuit Design
The circuit design for the current feedback bias type transistor
Example Transistor Circuits
Solid State Circuits Tutorial, Notes, Downloads@OneSmartClick.Com
[PDF] ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN 3
TRANSISTOR S - PARAMETERS
[PDF] Working
with transistor S-parameters
[PDF] S-Parameter
Basics for Modeling Engineers Describing Twoport
MM S-parameter Module
[PDF] Agilent AN 154
S-Parameter Design
Applying
S-Parameters To Amplifier Design
[PDF] ECE
202A Lab Assignment #1: Bipolar feedback amplifier design. Due
[PDF] Interconnect
Modelling of Coplanar HBT Transistor Arrays
Files
Approach
Increases Amplifier Gain
[PDF] CHOOSING
A REPLACEMENT TRANSISTOR
[PDF] ADiT
with S-parameter modeling as high-frequency design solution
Infineon
Technologies AG - Products-~SIEGET45 RF-Bipolar NPN
[PDF] New
LDMOS Model Delivers Powerful Transistor Library— Part 1
Small Signal FET/HEMT
Modelling-CAMFET
[PDF] Nonlinear
Modelling of an Almost Constant Transconductance MESFET
[PDF] A
novel interpretation of transistor -parameters by poles and
[PDF] ECE202A
Problem Set #2: Device Modelling and Simple Broadband
[PDF] Improvements
on a MOSFET Model for Non-Linear RF Simulations
[PDF] Limitations
of Double Polysilicon Self-Aligned Bipolar Transistor
Fully
Integrated CMOS Radios from RF to Millimeter Wave
RFAssistant
program description
[PDF] Contents
Advanced
Transistor Modeling
[PDF] A
General Approach for S-parameter Design of Balanced Oscillator
MATLAB
Central File Exchange - Using S-Parameters in MATLAB &
Reflections
on Transistor Stability
[PDF] Exploring
RF
Silvaco
- Products - S-Pisces
[PDF] A
low-cost, two-stage, low noise amplifier for 5 GHz to 6 GHz ...
[PDF] Amplifiers
Dr.
Duangrat Eungdamrong
[PDF] EE 458/558
Microwave Circuit Design and Measurements Lab AMPLIFIER
[PDF] Pg
075-082.rev3
[PDF] High-Frequency
Transistor Primer Part II
[PDF] A
Practical Method of Parameter Extraction for the VBIC Model
[PDF] DESIGN
OF CLASS-E RADIO FREQUENCY POWER AMPLIFIER by Saad Al
BFG540;
BFG540/X; BFG540/XR; NPN 9GHz wideband transistor
High frequency
circuit engineering - The IEE
[PDF] Oscillator
Designer – CAD of Microwave Oscillators
[PDF] S-Pisces/Device3D
[PDF] AN423:
Field Effect Transistor RF Amplifier Design Techniques
[PDF] New
LDMOS Model Delivers Powerful Transistor Library— Part 2
EECS 397 Home Page
Test
& Measurement World - What are S-parameters, anyway? -
2/1
[PDF] Microsoft
PowerPoint - PAConference2004_Oct8_update
[PDF] Design
of circuits using bipolar devices
[PDF] DATA-BASED
LOAD PULL SIMULATION FOR LARGE- SIGNAL TRANSISTOR MODEL
EmicNew
[PDF] ECEN5104,
Fall 2003 – CAD of Microwave Circuits Zoya Popovic and
[PDF] Chapter
3 Gain Considerations
[PDF] POWER
AMPLIFIER DESIGN Contents
[PPT] Presentation
Guide
[PDF] MILLIMETER-WAVE
CMOS DEVICE MODELING AND SIMULATION Chinh H. Doan
Abstract
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY
News results for semiconductor technology - View today's top stories | |
Technology
shrinks will continue, panelists say - EE Times UK - 4 hours ago ITRS roadmap committee wants to drop term 'technology node' - EE Times Online - 13 hours ago |
COMPLETE SEMICONDUCTOR INFRMATION http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~bart/book/title.htm
Welcome to Semiconductor
Technology
Welcome to Semiconductor Technology,
Inc
Introduction
to Semiconductor Technology
Welcome to MOSCHI
SemiTech
www.ieee.org/journal/tcad
Welcome
Britney Spears guide to
Semiconductor Physics: semiconductor
TI
Semiconductors: Analog DSP Digital Signal Processing Power
NEW! FREE!! - Engineering Books Online
PCB Board Creation - Design Software!
Eagle PCB Design Software http://www.cadsoft.de/info.htmAn Eagle Board Example: An Eagle Schematic Example:
Transistor and semiconductor books for your bookshelf.#1
Transistor and semiconductor books for your bookshelf.
#1 Malvino
Electronic Principles Instructor's
Manual for Malvino... Experiments
for Electronic Principles...
Excellent/Easy to Comprehend/Succinct, April 2, 2000
Reviewer: Bonnie Pereida from USA |
I feel this (Malvino's
Electronic Principles) is the best book on Electronics I have ever read.
It
is easy to understand, comes right to the point and makes you feel so at
ease with the subject.
I think the book is
outstanding because it explains transistors better than any other book I
have
ever read. Rather than a heavy use of formulas, Malvino relies on
concrete explanations of the
physical mechanism behind transistor action. On
this foundation he then goes on to explain
op amps, active filters, and many
other advanced topics in the absolute clearest possible way.
Radio Frequency Transistor
JFET
Transistor Circuit Calculations http://www.ele.auckland.ac.nz/archives/design/tools/ampfet.htm
Transistor
Example
[FLASH] Basic
Transistor Calculations Basic Transistor Calculations Reset
Electrical
Engineering :: Electronics :: Bipolar Junction
ESP
- Heatsink design and transistor mounting
Transistor
Circuits
Electronics
I Experiment 9 Transistor Biasing
Transistor
configurations
[PDF] Lab
2 Bipolar Transistors
Designing
Bipolar Transistor Audio PreAmplifiers
he
Transistor as a Switch
The
educational encyclopedia, online calculators about
[PDF] Bipolar
Junction Transistors
[PDF] Lab
2 Bipolar Transistors
ELE
343 Electronics II<br>Improved 2N3904 SPICE Model </titl>
[PDF] Physics
225 Lab: Transistors
[PDF] Transistor
Curve Tracer
[PDF] Physics
76 Spring 1998 Basic Electronics Purpose
[PDF] Bilkent
University Experiment 4 Simple BJT Amplifier
[PDF] 6.301
Solid State Circuits
Resistor-Transistor
Logic
Electrical Engineering :: Electronics :: Bipolar Junction
Electronics
I Experiment 9 Transistor Biasing
[PDF] University
of Pennsylvania Department of Electrical Engineering EE
Universal
Technical Systems
Transistor
.:
UCLA Electrical Engineering Department :.
Engineering
Works! Texas A&M Engineering
Bio
Medical and Instrumentation Engineering
[PDF] The
University of Portland School of Engineering EE352 Electronic
[PDF] UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA College of Engineering Department of
How to Identify Transistors - Next, you need to know how to
identify transistor from the numbers
printed on them. This is important
so you may determine their electrical characteristics and for
replacement to
effect repairs to equipment. The information below will help you in
understanding
what the numbers and letters printed on transistors mean.
JEDEC, JIS, and Pro-Electron are standards
committees that try to
establish standards for transistor production. Transistor manufactures
sometimes
use their own numbering systems for transistors they develop on
their own. The links at the bottom of
the page will help in determining
the transistor pin-out connections and electrical parameters and
specifications.
Transistor Info
Electronics
Tips: Reading Transistor Markings
Transistor
and Diode Data
The
educational encyclopedia, databank, tables, electronic symbols .
Reading
Transistor Markings
Semicondictor
markings
TRANSISTORS
ARE IDENTIFIED
Transistor
specifications
Transistors
Lesson plan - Transistors
[PPT] Electronics Section 4.4 Digital Processes
[PDF] Introduction to Transistors
transistor
transistor -> Types of Transistors on Encyclopedia.com 2002
Transistorized! Teachers' Guide Lesson 3
Lab 4 (Transistors)
3. TRANSISTOR STANDARDS -
Joint Electron Device
Engineering Council (JEDEC).
(Ref:
The EIA/JEDEC web site)
Digit - Letter - Serial number - [suffix]
The transistors first digit
is one less than the number of connections the device has,
except for 4N and
5N which are reserved for optocouplers. The number 2 is most common.
The
letter is always N. The serial number runs from 100 to 9999 indicating
its development date.
The (optional) suffix
indicates the gain (hfe) group of the device:
A = low gain
B = medium gain
C = high gain
No suffix = ungrouped (any gain).
Examples- 2N4401, 2N2222A, 2N104.
2SAXXXX PNP type high frequency
2SBXXXX PNP type low frequency
2SCXXXX NPN type high frequency
2SDXXXX NPN type low frequency
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Japanese Industrial
Standard (JIS).
(Ref: The EIA Japan web site.)
Digit - Two letters -
Serial number - [suffix]
The digit is one less
than the number of connections, i.e. 2 for most.
The
letters indicate the application area according to the following code:
SA: PNP HF transistor
SB: PNP AF transistor
SC: NPN HF transistor
SD: NPN AF transistor
SE: Diodes
SF: Thyristors
SG: Gunn devices
SH: UJT
SJ: P-channel FET/MOSFET
SK: N-channel FET/MOSFET
SM: Triac
SQ: LED
SR: Rectifier
SS: Signal diodes
ST: Avalanche diodes
SV: Varicaps
SZ: Zener diodes
The serial number runs from 10-9999.
Examples- 2SA2222, 2SB719, 2SC583, 2SC435, C 435.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The first letter indicates the material:
A = Ge
B = Si
C = GaAs
R = compound materials.
(Most common type is B.)
The second letter indicates the device
application:
A: Diode RF
B: Variac
C: transistor, AF, small signal
D: transistor, AF, power
E: Tunnel diode
F: transistor, HF, small signal
K: Hall effect device
L: Transistor, HF, power
N: Optocoupler
P: Radiation sensitive device
Q: Radiation producing device
R: Thyristor, Low power
T: Thyristor, Power
U: Transistor, power, switching
Y: Rectifier
Z: Zener, or voltage regulator diode
The third letter, if used, is usually a W,X,Y or Z indicates non-commercial
use.
The serial number runs from 100-9999. The suffix indicates the gain
grouping, as for JEDEC.
Examples- BC204A, BAW45, BF299, BFY62.
Transistor Standards
America's Standards Community
[PDF] Introduction to Transistors
IEEE FORMS WORKING GROUP TO DEVELOP STANDARDS FOR ORGANIC AND
Inside Logic Gates
Video Standards at MonitorWorld.com informational interchange for
STMicroelectronics - Discretes - Power Bipolar Transistors
STMicroelectronics - Discretes - Power Bipolar Transistors
Standard SR-F22 and Standard "Mignon" pocket transistor radios
PlanetAnalog.com - A brief recap of popular logic standards
Philips Semiconductors : Not sure which communications standards
are used in
which country? With our global presence and technical expertise
across all wireless
applications worldwide, we've compiled an up-to-date and
extensive array of detailed
information in one easy-to-use chart.
An active participant in Standards Committees, Philips Semiconductors is
already
building systems for next generation wireless communications
standards such as
Bluetooth and 3G mobile phones, based on our state-of-the-art RF process technologies
and
advanced platform-based IC design methodologies. With our global sales and
support organization, Philips Semiconductors is your ideal wireless
communications partner, no matter where you are in the world.
Supplies are limited, so order your
complimentary copy today;
you can also download
a PDF of the map.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
http://ee.cleversoul.com/hotsheet.html
Longer list http://ee.cleversoul.com/hotsheet_ics.html
(Ref: Motorola web
site.)
(Ref: RCA
web site.)
(Ref: Texas
Instruments web site.)
Manufactures use their own type indictors as
prefixes grouped as follows. There are complete lines of replacement
transistors such as Philips ECG (Cross
Reference Search) , and NTE
FREE Online, (or, NTE
Downloadable software) with their own unique numbering systems. (Note:
NTE downloaded software requires a registration form to be completed but the
software is free.
MJ:
Motorola power, metal case
MJE: Motorola power, plastic case
MPS: Motorola low power, plastic case
MRF: Motorola HF, VHF and microwave transistor
RCA: RCA
RCS: RCS
TIP: Texas Instruments power transistor (plastic case)
TIPL: TI planar power transistor
TIS: TI small signal transistor (plastic case)
Examples- ZTX202, TIP324, MJE34055, TIS20.
Also see http://www.eeca.org/eeca.htm Europe
5. TRANSISTOR
DATASHEET LINKS: (Including pin-outs)http://www.qsl.net/yo5ofh/data_sheets/amateur%20radio%20computer.htm
Bill's
Hobby Circuit Library Transistor
Cross Reference Database New
Database Listings - very complete for
semiconductors Transistor
Database http://www.qsl.net/yo5ofh/data_sheets/transist.txt Datasheet Locator http://www.datasheetlocator.com/ Data
Sheets http://www.qsl.net/yo5ofh/data_sheets/data_sheets_page.htm You can find more transistor
data sheets to download
Transistor Pinouts
THE
TRANSISTOR
ePanorama
DESIGNERCOUNCIL
Archives - July 2001
IC
Pinouts
Action
Pinball & Amusement - Williams Display Power Transistor
Common
Component Pin-Outs
tonepad
-- file information
Spies
Wiretap Archives @ MikesArcade.com
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/parts/cross.html
http://www.bgs.nu/sdw/a.html
(NOTE: These are
picture .tif files and they may not print out directly. If that is the
case for you paste the URL into a paint image program that can handle TIF
files and print them from there.
Transistor
Specifications
http://www.sound.au.com/trans.htm
Transistor
Cross Reference Database
NTE Transistor Cross Reference: Click HERE
NTE
Electronics Cross Reference Search
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BATTERIES FOR OLD TRANSISTOR RADIOS
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