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CCD IMAGING
SBIG Santa Barbara Instrument Group OPT - Astronomy Telescopes, Accessories, CCD and Digital Cameras The Role of CCD Cameras in Amateur Astronomy telescopes, binoculars, CCD cameras, astronomical accessories, scs Cookbook Camera Home Page Student Work on astronomy, CCD cameras, aug 98 Astronomy ccd ITE - CCD Cameras Camera for Astronomy, Telescopes and Astrophotography CCD Astronomy Cookbook CCD camera FAQs CCD Astronomy on Linux David Hinds Ltd, astronomy telescopes and astronomical suppliers Using CCDs - Dave's Astronomy Magazine Article: The Astronomy CCD camera comparison calculator for CCD BOOKS AND CD ROMS Low light CCD Camera Data Ron Wodaski's astro pages Digitec Optical - Telescopes, CCD Cameras, Astronomy Accessories Astronomy: Business: Telescopes, Binoculars and Accessories: CCD Astromart - Your global astronomy resource Astronomy Telescopes, Accessories, CCD and Digital Cameras Starlight Xpress MX5C CCD Camera - Dave's Astronomy Magazine Astronomy Community - NGC7000 by my home made CCD camera Astronomy Community - NGC7000 by my home made CCD camera Stardial Ccd Camera Sources at Astronomics.com Ron Wodaski's Magic CCD Camera Calculator
Using a cheap B/W CCD camera for astronomy low cost security color ccd cameras from Mintron Astromart - Your global astronomy resource VIDEO ASTRONOMY WITH SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS NSO: Astronomy: CCD Cameras Welcome to Software Bisque's Web Page Astronomical Imaging SAC 7 Color CCD Camera - SAC7 from Digitec Optical David's Astronomy - CCD Imaging Photonic Science visible band Intensified CCD camera and x-ray
CCD Astronomy Handbook
BOOK WITH IMAGE PROCESSING SOFTWARE Amazing value, September 27, 2000
Reviewer: LEWIS M COOK from CONCORD, CA USA
I participated in a beta test of the photometry software program and proof-read a draft of this excellent book. The book alone is worth the price, but the amazing value is the powerful software package included, AIP4WIN. It does so many image processing tasks- photometry, astrometry, spectroscopy, color pictures, image sharpening - with several deconvolution routines. This is much more than a toy (but you certainly can have fun with it) as it supports routine image processing of hundreds of images per night. The software alone is worth several times the price of the book. Anyone interested in putting a CCD camera to serious work - or serious fun - will certainly get their money's worth with this package! Berry and Burnell have a really excellent effort here.
THE STARS
List of the nearest stars (Nearest to Earth) The 26 Nearest Stars TikiWiki Re: Planets Circling Four Of The Closest Stars? stmc 2MASS Point Source Catalog Search Examples Astronomy Resources The Universe within 12.5 Light Years - The Nearest stars The Impact Lab at the DaVinci Institute - Fifth Closest Star ... Closest star to the Sun? Planet Hit List - Astronomy In Your Hands
Astronomy The Nearest Stars
List of the brightest stars The 26 Brightest Stars Brightest Stars Observers Handbook Table List of brightest stars - Wikipedia Encyclopedia: List of brightest stars List of Brighter Stars by Season List of brightest stars - ezResult.com Astronomy Public Outreach - Stellar Brightness Talk:List of brightest stars - Wikipedia Bright Stars Worth Knowing
List of the reddest stars
Examples of TASS Mark IV Data SkyCmd Stars Galaxies in the Universe: errata Yahoo! Groups : starrynights Messages : Message 17309 of 20508 SkyTools 1.x Observing List Downloads Polarimetry of 24 Highly Redden Stars within the Galactic Plane NGC4496 A&B galaxies
61005BBBB Giclas - GR - 620030BBB Vyssotsky lists 61018BBBB Stephenson Gen. Cat. of Cool Carbon Stars 620117BBB Upgren et Al, dK and dM stars (south) 620141BBB MacConnell & Frye & Upgren, (Barium Stars) 6009BBBBB Dearborn Obs. Catalogue - DO - 620172BBB Yamashita *C
GCPD Code for common star catalogues http://obswww.unige.ch/gcpd/codenum.html
List of the bluest stars
Spectral class: A, B, O With more than three and up to 150 solar masses a star shines blue - the bigger and hotter the more intensive. These stars burn their fuel much quicker than their smaller fellows and for this are much more luminous. After a few to a few hundred million years they leave the main sequence and, except the most biggest, become Red Giants or Supergiants. Very big ones of these don't expand so strongly when leaving the main sequence, stay blue, but become unstable. Blue stars are rather seldom but because of their brightness we can see many of them in the sky. Blue Stars could have Planets, but their life span is much too short to evolve life on this planets. Example: Alnitak Back: About Stars | Continue: Old Stars
StarDate Online | Teacher Guide BIOASTRO Mailing List: SETI bioastro: Fw: Most Distant Group of MSNBC - Oldest, most distant galaxy clusters found The Stars of Project Phoenix: The Best Are Not Always the ... Astronomy Mailing List Archive: Age and Size of Universe (long) ... Subaru Detects the Most Distant Galaxy Yet [74.01] The Grid Giant Star Survey (GGSS) for SIM: A Status Report The Universe within 1 billion Light Years - The Neighbouring ... Other Worlds, Distant Suns Dr. Ben Bova Faint Echoes, Distant Stars: The Science and Politics ... SETI Public Mailing List: SETI public: Major solar flares ... Origins: Library Eight Objects Orbiting Distant Stars [PDF] .0 MARS 2003 ALTERNATE OBJECT LIST File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
Star size and mass
Star -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy Astronomy 162: Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology Curious About Astronomy: Why is pressure broadening greater in low ... [PPT] 1B11 Foundations of Astronomy Star names and magnitudes File Format: Microsoft Powerpoint 97 - View as HTML Stellar Evolution: Main Sequence Lives and Deaths of Stars [PDF] Physics C056, Astronomy Temple University, Spring 2003 Professor ... File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML Fusion in Stars - Zoom Astronomy [PDF] Astronomy 191 - Stars 2 • Stellar classification • Stellar ... File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML PDF] Evolved Stars at PTI: Size, Shape, Mass and Atmospheric Structure File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML Science Blog - Low-mass stars in binary stars appear to behave ... ScienceDaily News Release: Astronomers Show That Low-mass Stars In ... The Size and Age of the Universe - Introduction Medium-size stars Studies Pins Down Quantity, Size of Dark Matter in Universe [PDF] Studying Inner Disks around Intermediate-mass YSOs and Vega-type ... File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML Neutron Star's Glitch is Physicists' Gain Press Release
1. The Life of Stars 2. The Measured Values 3. Young Stars 4. Main Sequence Stars 4.1 Red Dwarfs 4.2 Orange, Yellow and White Stars 4.3 Blue Stars 5. Old Stars 5.1 Red Giants 5.2 Red Supergiants 5.3 Wolf-Rayet Stars 5.4 LBV 5.5 Intermediate Stages 5.6 White Dwarfs 5.7 Extreme End-Stages, Supernova 6. Novae 7. Brown Dwarfs 8. Planets 9. Galaxies 10. Cosmology 11. Alien Life in Space
black holes and event horizons - ghosts of stars Curious About Astronomy? Black Holes and Quasars Yahoo! Directory Astronomy > Black Holes Black Holes and Neutron Stars Science Line - Resources - Physics & Astronomy - Black Holes NSO: Astronomy: Black Holes Ask the Space Scientist, - Astronomy FAQ archive of questions and ... APOD Index - Stars: Black Holes Chandra :: Field Guide to X-ray Sources :: Black Holes Science : ASTRONOMY: Black Holes Enter the Middleweights ...
Imagine the Universe! Dictionary AD HEASARC Education & Outreach astronomy: Black hole physics fsturk.net Astronomy - Black Holes Astronomy: Black Holes Black Holes: The Ultimate Abyss--Astronomy/Space lesson plan ... Space Science and Astronomy Headlines astronomy black hole Astronomy Today - Space Science - Black Holes
Star Spectroscopy
The Spectrum of various Gas Discharges. http://home.achilles.net/~jtalbot/data/elements/index.html Spectra Chemistry of Stars: Spectroscopy Keyword Index listing for S [47.02] The Smallest Mass Ratio Young Star Spectroscopic Binaries Simple CCD Spetrographs Laser Star Astrophysics Imagine the Universe! Dictionary Amateur Spectroscopy - http://www.astroman.fsnet.co.uk/begin.htm Laser Stars - History of Astronomical Spectroscopy Astronomy Camp Spectroscopy Learning from Light Educational Home Page ScienceLives! Online - Astronomy - Spectroscopy Leeds : Physics & Astronomy : Spectroscopy Astronomical spectroscopy : National Maritime Museum Forum for Amateur AstroSpectroscopy - Astronomical Spectroscopy ... Sutherland Karoo South Africa, Observatory, Astronomy ... Astronomical Spectroscopy Astronomical spectroscopy - Wikipedia starphysics - Amateur Astronomical Spectroscopy Astronomical Spectroscopy Amateur Astronomy Spectroscopy Forum http://users.erols.com/njastro/faas/ Bright Star Spectra http://www.erols.com/njastro/faas/pages/starcat.htm COAA software http://www.ip.pt/coaa/software.htm IRAF Software - Image Reduction & Analysis Facility http://iraf.noao.edu/iraf-homepage.html Windows Free Spectrum Analysis Software http://valerie.desnoux.free.fr/vspec/ Christian Buil - A great amateur spectroscopy sitehttp://astrosurf.com/buil/ Spectra of Gas Discharges http://home.achilles.net/~jtalbot/data/elements/index.html Amateur Spectroscopy http://www.geocities.com/rlaude2000
Properties of Stars The Problem with Spectroscopy [PDF] Mira Variable Stars: Spectroscopic and Photometric Monitoring of ... Quantitative Spectroscopy of WR and related stars Spectral Classification of Stars-index Spectroscopy: some applications Photometry and spectroscopy of the central star of the Trifid ... Optical Fiber-Fed Spectroscopy of Pulsating Variable Stars [PDF] Spectroscopic Analysis of Delta Scuti Stars
Astronomy HyperText Book: Stellar Evolution Chandra :: Field Guide to X-ray Astronomy :: Stellar Evolution Stellar Evolution on PC theUK.com: Science and Health / Physics and Astronomy / Stellar ... Astronomy Education at the ASP -- Site Update Stellar Evolution Astronomy Stellar Evolution - Astronomy Astronomy Today - Space Science - Stellar Evolution Stellar Evolution Simulation theUK.com: Science and Health / Physics and Astronomy / Stellar ... MizMoz Directory - Astronomy Stellar Evolution Astronomy 101/103 Web Simulations Google Directory - Science > Astronomy > Stars > Stellar Evolution Stellar Evolution: Main Sequence AllRefer Encyclopedia - stellar evolution (Astronomy, General) ... Astronomy: Stars and Stellar Evolution Guide to Space & Astronomy Stellar Evolution PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY The Telson Spur: Field Nodes -- Astronomy (10): Galactic and ... Astronomy Research Themes : Stellar Evolution Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram Hertzsprung-Russell diagram - Wikipedia Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram -- from Eric Weisstein's World of ... Hertzsprung-Russell diagram HR Diagram Description Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram AllRefer Encyclopedia - Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (Astronomy ...
Star Charts & Calendars Abrams Sky Watcher's Diary Astronomy What's Up This Month Moon Phase Calendar National Geographic's Star Journey North American Skies Old Farmer's Almanac Heavenly Details Skymaps.com Weather Underground: Wunderground.com Sky Astronomy News, Star Charts, Space Pictures - Astronomy.com Astronomy News, Star Charts, Space Pictures - Astronomy.com Data Services Skymaps.com - Publication Quality Sky Maps & Star Charts Skymaps.com: Astronomy and Space Articles ASTRONOMY WEBSITES – Planets, astronomy software, news, star ASTRONOMY WEBSITES – Planets, astronomy software, news, star Online Astronomy Planetarium Software Sky and Telescope
Free Northern Sky Program
http://www.hnsky.org/software.htm#hnsky
Download: Basic package HNSKY222.EXE
NEBULA
SEDS Messier Database Planetary Nebula Sampler AllRefer Encyclopedia - nebula (Astronomy, General) - Encyclopedia AllRefer Encyclopedia - Orion Nebula (Astronomy, General) Nebulae - Zoom Astronomy APOD: 2002 February 13 - The Great Nebula in Orion APOD: 2003 May 10 - NGC 7293: The Helix Nebula Nebulae Simplified Links To Planetary Nebulae & Astronomy Resources Astronomy Pictures and Posters - Stars and Nebula
GALAXIES
Astronomical Images of Galaxies - Astronomy Pictures Astronomy web site designed for the amateur astronomer Astronomy 162: Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology SEDS Messier Database [sci.astro] Galaxies (Astronomy Frequently Asked Questions) (8/9) [sci.astro] Galaxies (Astronomy Frequently Asked Questions) (8/9) JPL Stars and Galaxies - Astronomy Data Stars and Galaxies - Astronomy Data Astronomy 123: Schombert AbsoluteAstronomy.com
COMETS
Astronomy For Kids astronomyLINKS - solar system - comets - astronomy and space astronomyLINKS - solar system - comets - astronomy and space BAA Comet section Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter AllRefer Encyclopedia - comet : Structure of Comets (Astronomy Astronomy gifs of asteroids and comets Comets | Astronomy | Planets | Space Facts David Hanon's Astronomical CCD Images Comets Astronomy Solar System Comets - Astronomy Solar System
METEOR SHOWERS
Meteors and Meteor Showers SPECIAL REPORT: 2001 Leonid Meteor Shower Leonid Meteor Storm! When, Where and How to Watch The American Meteor Society Meteors: Zoom Astronomy Meteor Showers: Zoom Astronomy Perseid Meteor Shower - A Spectacular Astronomy Fireworks Show astronomyLINKS - solar system - meteors - specific showers Astronomy for Kids - Meteor Showers Guide to Space & Astronomy
ASTEROIDS
astronomyLINKS - solar system - asteroids - astronomy and spac astronomyLINKS - satellites and missions - comets and asteroids Asteroids: Zoom Astronomy Asteroids Astronomy Solar System Asteroids- Astronomy Solar System AllRefer Encyclopedia - Trojan asteroids (Astronomy, General) Asteroids in our solar system Yahoo! Directory Solar System > Comets, Meteors, and Asteroids Astronomy for kids - learn about asteroids Asteroids astronomy of our solar system Astronomy For Kids
TELESCOPES
Venus transit sun Telescope losmandy mounts toucam philips green Telescopes Astronomy newsletter what's new prices specials Sky and Telescope - The Essential Magazine of Astronomy Astronomy Resources at STScI Astronomy-Mall.com Home Page Astromart - Your global astronomy resource Welcome to the Gemini Observatory OPT - Astronomy Telescopes, Accessories, CCD and Digital Cameras KECK Mirror at Caltech Astronomy astronomyLINKS - telescopes - astronomy and space directory, links
Large Telescopes Orbiting Astronomical Observatories Instrumentation at ESO drawings of deepsky objects with large telescopes BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Astronomy's next big thing Astronomers Rejoice at Chilean Telescope's First Light Title Details - Cambridge University Press Australia Telescope National Facility S*T*A*R Astronomy - Telescope Making Links Telescope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Space-based Telescopes Orbiting Astronomical Observatories NASA Technology Ground-based Observatory Guide Yahoo! Directory Telescopes > Space-Based Space Based Telescopes and Facilities Astronomy.com | Terra Versus Space Hubble Space Telescope: Research Links for Students Amateur Astronomers to Put Telescope on International Space Those Rings! Ground-Based Telescope Nabs Pics of Saturn to Rival Astronomy Now Online
Telescopes LSU Libraries Physics and Astronomy Resources: Major Observatories Archive of Astronomy Questions and Answers Minnesota State University, Mankato: Astronomy Program Research Guides by Subject - Insert Subject Here Astronomy Links Astronomy in the Coquimbo Region Prairie Astronomy Club: Amateur Astronomy MSN Encarta - Related Items - Telescope Astronomy Links
Telescope Making
The Basics of ATM http://www.stellafane.com/atm/atm_main.htm Design a Newtonian Telescope - JAVA ATM Parts http://www.scopecity.com/tmc.htm Kits http://www.newportglass.com/educkit.htm Computer operated Telescopes http://www.bbastrodesigns.com/cot/cot.html New possibilities for amateurs http://hep.fuw.edu.pl/~wrochna/astro/en/ccd.htm Astronomical Observing with a Small Radio Telescope S*T*A*R Astronomy - Telescope Making Links Venus transit sun Telescope losmandy mounts toucam philips green T-Quest Optical - Telescope, binoculars, astronomy Optical Design Software: dbOptic - The Optical Design Database Astromart - Your global astronomy resource astronomyLINKS - telescope making - supplies - optics - astronomy Telescope Making Amateur Astronomy Telescope Making Google Directory - Science > Astronomy > Amateur > Amateur Link Page
HELIUM
HOW IS HELIUM CREATED? In the modern Universe almost all new helium is created as a result of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars. On Earth it is created by the radioactive decay of much heavier elements (alpha particles are helium-4 nuclei produced by alpha-decay). After its creation, part of it is trapped with natural gas in concentrations up to 7% by volume. It is extracted from the natural gas by a low temperature separation process called fractional distillation.
HOW MUCH HELIUM IS IN OUR ATMOSPHERE? Helium makes up about 0.0005% of the earth's atmosphere. This trace amount of helium is not gravitationally bound to the earth and is constantly lost to space. The earth's atmospheric helium is replaced by the decay of radioactive elements in the earth's crust. Alpha decay, one type of radioactive decay, produces particles called alpha particles. An alpha particle can become a helium atom once it captures two electrons from its surroundings. This newly formed helium can eventually work its way to the atmosphere through cracks in the crust. Helium is commercially recovered from natural gas deposits, mostly from Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas.
HOW DOES HYDROGEN COLLAPSE TO FORM A STAR? A star settles down to a long period of stability while the hydrogen at its center is converted into helium with the release of an enormous amount of energy. This stage is called the main-sequence stage. It is the star's mass that determines how they change. But, stars do not all evolve in the same way.
SMALL MASS STARS: Our knowledge of the evolution of these stars is purely theoretical because their main sequence stage lasts longer than the present age of the Universe, so none of the stars in this mass range has evolved this far! We believe that the evolution will proceed as for the medium mass stars except that the temperature in the interior will never rise high enough for helium `burning' to start. The hydrogen will continue to `burn' in a shell but will eventually be all used up. The star will then just get cooler and cooler ending up after about 1,000,000,000,000 years as a `black dwarf'.
MEDIUM MASS STARS: Stars similar in mass to the Sun `burn' hydrogen into helium in their centers during the main-sequence phase but eventually there is no hydrogen left in the centre to provide the necessary radiation pressure to balance gravity. The centre of the star thus contracts until it is hot enough for helium to be converted into carbon. The hydrogen in a shell continues to `burn' into helium but the outer layers of the star have to expand. This makes the star appear brighter and cooler and it becomes a red giant.
HIGH MASS STARS: There are very few stars with masses greater than five times the mass of the Sun but their evolution ends in a very spectacular fashion. As was said above, these stars go through their evolutionary stages very quickly compared to the Sun. Like medium mass stars, they `burn' all the hydrogen at their centers and continue with a hydrogen `burning' shell and central helium `burning'. They become brighter and cooler on the outside and are called red supergiants. Carbon `burning' can develop at the star's centre and a complex set of element `burning' shells can develop towards the end of the star's life. During this stage many different chemical elements will be produced in the star and the central temperature will approach 100,000,000 degrees Kelvin.
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