101science.com Basic Electronics
COURSE TABLE
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Basic Electronics
COURSE TABLE
Complete Electronics Alphabetical Table of Contents.
Everyone today is exposed to electronic devices in one way or another. The computer revolution is a good example. Everyone can benefit from additional knowledge of electronics. Even a quick scanning of this page will help. A study of electronics starts with electricity, magnetism and basic electronics. This includes Ohm's law and other basic principles of electricity. Obtain and study various books on electronics - this is really a must as each author will explain things in a little different way to help you grasp the concepts.
All the links found on 101science.com were screened to provide you with the BEST the internet has to offer on each subject. This will save you many hours of searching for good educational material. This site is for everyone from the beginner to expert electrical engineering professional. There is something here for every level in the world of electronics. If you just need information on one specific area, use the table above to navigate to the information you need. If you need more instruction - read on.
Maybe
you already know some basic electronics and want to test yourself to see
exactly how much you do know. Or, you want to have a test so you can see
your progress. Whatever your needs are here is a free online test, that you can download and take on your schedule. BASIC
ELECTRONICS "TEST" HERE.
You
must have a good basic electronics text book in your hands that is easy to read and easy to learn
and includes everything to get you started in the right direction.
Our recommendation is the book, "Basic
Electronics" with Multisim software, by Grob. This is an excellent textbook
with Multisim software used by
many high schools, vo-tech institutes, military, colleges and universities throughout
the United States. This book is easy to understand by anyone on their
own. The
illustrations are clear and include worked out problems. The software is
a valuable tool in solving simple to complex electronic circuits. You can also
get the book without the Multisim software at a savings. If your not
sure you want to spend that much at this time try Getting
Started in Electronics by Forrest Mims III.
HOW DO YOU LEARN BASIC ELECTRONICS?
First, go to our special and unique basic electronics page (CLICK HERE) and follow the numbered links one by one. Browse quickly through all of the steps. Then return to each one you want to study more thoroughly. Again, don't try to absorb everything all at once, just let it roll in and what you understand is fine and that you don't understand will come to you later. Just relax and enjoy by browsing around. You will be amazed at how much sinks in effortlessly. Later you can study areas that interest you in greater detail. There are many great books you can purchase to help you in your studies.
Next you can review some of the links below then go back to the main menu and select red #2 in the index table for the next section of your basic electronics session. Follow this in turn through all the red numbered items. Also, feel free to investigate any of the other indexed subjects that you may be interested in. But don't miss looking at our basic electronics course (CLICK HERE).
See our "Basic
Electronics" course >Click HERE!!!!
It is the best FREE basic Electronics course on the internet.
>Please visit our 101 Science Store <
You
must have a good basic electronics text book that is easy to read and easy to learn
and includes everything to get you started in the right direction.
Our recommendation is the book, "Basic
Electronics" by Grob. This is an excellent textbook used by
many high schools, vo-tech institutes, colleges and universities throughout
the United States. This book is easy to understand by anyone on their
own.
The
illustrations are clear and include worked out problems.
For even more detail get the "Art of Electronics", a little more
advanced but just as easy to read and understand and will take you through
transistor and integrated circuits right on up to digital computers. The
perfect book for new and experienced electronic technician's.
The Art of Electronics Student Manual
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM BASICS - This module will introduce you to many of the basic concepts involved with Electricity and Magnetism. It is suggested that you review the MATTER module in the Chemistry section first. We will introduce you to static charge, moving charge, voltage, resistance, and current. You will be able to discover Ohm's law. We will learn about the properties of magnets and how magnets are used to produce electric current. Exactly what is electricity? Click HERE.
Any object or particle is or can become electrically charged. No one completely understands what this charge consists of but we do know a lot about how it reacts and behaves. The smallest known charge of electricity is the charge associated with an electron. This charge has been called a "negative" charge. An atoms nucleus has a positive charge. These two un-like charges attract one another. Like charges oppose one another. If you had 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons in a box you would have what has been named; one coulomb of charge. An easier way of thinking about a large number like that is called "powers of ten" and it would look like this 6.25 x 1018 electrons. It is simply a way to let you know to move the decimal point to the right 18 places. When electrical charges are at rest, meaning they are not moving, we call that static electricity. If charges are in motion we then have a flow of charge called electrical current. We have given the force that causes this current a name called electromotive force and it is measured by a unit called a volt. The unit of measurement of the current or movement of the charge is called an ampere. The resistance, or opposition, to current flow is called an ohm.
Around a charge is an electric field. With every electric field there is a magnetic field. While we can't see these fields, or yet know exactly what they consist of, we can measure them with instruments and tell a great deal about their behavior. We can then use this knowledge to our benefit. The design and construction of electric motors, computers, radios, televisions, stereos, and many other electrical and electronic devices depend upon a knowledge of these basic principles of electricity. As you can see we have given names to these phenomenon to make it easier for us to study and use. We could have called them Dick, Jane and Mary but instead we named them for the scientists that discovered or first studied them; Volt, Ampere, and Ohm. Mr. Volt, Mr. Ampere, and Mr. Ohm spent many years of their lives studying electricity. They were not alone however as many other scientist were studying and learning more about electricity as well.
Electric Circuits - Basic & Advanced
Lessons
In Electric Circuits
Electricity - Simple Circuits
Circuits
Archive - UWEE
Electric
Circuits
All
About Circuits :: Complete guide to Electronic Circuits
All About Circuits :: Volume I - DC
BBC
- KS2 Revisewise - Science: Physical processes
Lessons
In Electric Circuits
Alexander
- Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Water
circuit analogy to electric circuit
Types of electricity http://www.tmeg.com/esp/e_static/static.htm
"Fundamentals of Electrostatics" Tutorial Part 1, Part 2
Magnetron Tutorial http://www.gallawa.com/microtech/magnetron.html
Noise and Interference Manual http://www.web-ee.com/primers/files/DesignSem3.pdf
RESISTANCE - is the opposition to current flow. The practical unit of resistance is called the ohm. A resistance that develops 0.24 calorie of heat when one ampere of current flows through it for one second has one ohm of resistance.
OHMS
LAW -
Learning basic electronics starts with learning Ohm's law and
A GREAT Ohms Law CALCULATOR online - http://www.cvs1.uklinux.net/cgi-bin/calculators/ohms_law.cgi
Ohms Law Calculator with Watts: http://www.anderson-bolds.com/calculator.htm
To learn about Ohm's law click >>HERE. I = V/R, V = I*R, R = V/I, and P = I*V are the fundamental formulas of Ohm's law. (The * means to multiply the two quantities together). Where V is the circuit voltage in volts, I is the circuits amperage in amps, and R is the resistance in ohms. As an experiment you can set up a circuit by connecting resistors in series with a battery, measure the voltage across the resistors with a voltmeter, measure the current in the circuit by placing an ammeter in series with the resistors and battery. If you know the voltages and current in the circuit you can use Ohms law to calculate the resistance. With the resistor out of the circuit you can measure it's resistance directly with an ohm meter. The multi-meters today can measure ohms, volts and amperes (usually miliamperes) all in one piece of test equipment.
Confused? Take a look at the resistor
circuits next and that should help. Then come back to ohms law and it
should make more sense.
Voltage, Amperage, Resistance, Power Equation Chart. http://www.electronics-lab.com/articles/basics/reference/virp_chart.htm
Voltage, Amperage, Resistance, Power Equation Calculator: http://www.opamplabs.com/eirp.htm
Wire Parameter Calculator: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/9643/awg.htm
Voltage Drop Calculator for AC: http://www.elec-toolbox.com/calculators/voltdrop.htm
Impedance/Reactance http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/imped.htm
Power Point Presentation
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Electrical
Engineering
- Electronics
- Basic Circuits
- Logic Design
- Design
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Basic Electronics
COURSE TABLE
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For
a definition of a resistor see this link http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci213522,00.html
Resistors can be connected in series (end to end), in parallel (across one
another), or in a combination of series and parallel. To learn
more about resistor circuits click
- here.
If you connect two, 1/4 watt, 100 ohm resistors across one another (i.e. in
parallel) then the total resistance in ohms is one half of one of the
resistors. In this example the resistance would be 50 ohms. The
wattage doubles as the current is now split between the two resistors.
The combination can now handle up to one half a watt safely. If the two
resistors were connected end-to-end (i.e. in series) the resistances add and
in this case would be 200 ohms. The wattage in this series case stays
the same, 1/4 watt. This information is handy to know as it is easy to
calculate in your head and will allow you to devise additional resister values
from a limited resistor bench stock.
RESISTORS IN SERIES: Connecting resistors in a string one pigtail to another is called connecting them in series. When connected this way the resistance of one resistor adds to the next in line. For example a 100 ohm resistor in series with a 500 ohm resistor is the same as having a 600 ohm resistor. The wattage capability stays the same, in other words if the resistors are all 1/4 watt the string is 1/4 watt.
Resistance in series resistance simply adds: R = R1 + R2. This can be extended for more resistors: R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + ...
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL: When resistors are connected in parallel (parallel; meaning they are tied across one another) their combined resistance is less than any of the individual resistances. There is a special equation for the combined resistance of two resistors R1 and R2:
| Combined
resistance of two resistors in parallel: |
R = | R1 × R2 |
| R1 + R2 |
For more than two resistors connected in parallel a more difficult equation must be used. This adds up the reciprocal ("one over") of each resistance to give the reciprocal of the combined resistance, R:
| 1 | = | 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | + ... |
| R | R1 | R2 | R3 |
The simpler equation for two resistors in parallel is much easier to use!
Note that the combined resistance in parallel will always be less than any of the individual resistances.
Resistor values are measured in ohms. A thousand ohms is written as 1k to eliminate all the zeros. The k represents three zeros. A million ohms is represented by 1M. Therefore; 1000 ohms = 1k ohm and 1000k ohms = 1M ohm. Since resistors are so small their value is marked by a color code.
Resistance http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/resistan.htm
RESISTOR COLOR CODES - Resistors use color coded stripes to indicate their value in ohms. 0=Black, 1=Brown, 2=Red, 3=Orange, 4=Yellow, 5=Green, 6=Blue, 7=Purple, 8=Gray, 9=White. To see how these colored stripes are used to indicate a resistors value click >> HERE.
Resistor
Color code calculators:
RESISTOR COLOR CODE CALCULATOR
Resistor Color Code
Electronics
Reference: Resistor Color Code Guide
Resistor
Calculator
Graphical
Resistance Calculator
Molecular
Expressions: Electricity and Magnetism - Interactive
The
Original JavaScript Resistance Calculator
4
Band Resistor Color Codes
Resistor
Color Code, Tutorial, Formulas,
Resistor
Color Code Converter
Basics: Resistors Tutorial: Resistors - http://www.williamson-labs.com/resistors.htm
Thermal Design of resistor circuits. thermal design of electronics
PCB Trace Calculator: http://www.emclab.umr.edu/pcbtlc/index.html
PCB Trace Width Calculator: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/9643/TraceWidth.htm
RESISTOR CIRCUITS
Building
simple resistor circuits - Chapter 5: SERIES AND PARALLEL .
AC resistor circuits - Chapter 3: REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE
Discover
Circuits - Light Dependent Resistor Circuits
DC
Circuits
PRACTICE
EXERCISES - RESISTOR CIRCUITS
INTERACTIVE
DEMOS FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Inductor-Resistor
Circuits
AC
Resistive Circuits
Lab:
Resistor Circuits
Prelab:
Resistor Circuits
A capacitor
is a device that stores an electrical charge when a potential difference
(voltage) exists between two conductors which are usually two plates separated
by a dielectric material (an insulating material like air, paper, or special
chemicals). Capacitors block DC voltages and pass AC voltages.
They are used as filters, AC coupling capacitors and as by-pass capacitors.
They are also used in conjunction with resistors and inductors to form tuned
circuits and timing circuits. A capacitors value C (in Farads) is
dependent upon the ratio of the charge Q (in Coulombs) divided by the V (in
volts). Common capacitors come in values of microfarads or Pico
farads. Often you will have to convert between Pico farads and micro
farads. A chart is provided below to assist in the conversion. For
a list of capacitor terms defined: Click
HERE. Measuring
capacitance requires a capacitance meter. This is separate piece of test
equipment. There are attachments for multimeters that allow measurement
of capacitance directly. Also read this tutorial on how to
test capacitors.
CAPACITOR Value Conversions:
Some capacitors may be marked in micro farads and others of the same capacitance value marked in Pico farads. One Pico farad equals one micro-micro farad. You may need to make conversions between the two equivalents.
|
Prefix |
Power of 10 |
Example |
|
Mili |
10-3 |
.001 |
|
Micro |
10-6 |
.000001 |
|
Nano |
10-9 |
.000000001 |
|
Pico |
10-12 |
.000000000001 |
Micro F = Pico F
Pico = uuf so;
.01uf = 10000 pf
.001uf = 1000 pf
.005uf = 5000 pf
.009uf = 9000 pf
.0001uf = 100 pf
.0005uf = 500 pf
.0009uf = 900 pf
A
capacitor marked 104M is a .001 uf +- 20%
A capacitor marked 103M is a .01 uf +- 20%
A capacitor marked 102M is a .1 uf +- 20%
Capacitor Information (GOOD!) http://www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_capa.htm
Capacitance Value Calculator: http://www.fis.unb.br/Fis3Exp/fcim.csdc.com/fcimis/compid/caps/cap6.html
Capacitor Codes: EngPlanet: http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?3804
How To Read Capacitor Codes http://xtronics.com/kits/ccode.htm
Another capacitor code link: http://www.alfalima.net/condensator.htm
A GREAT Capacitor Impedance CALCULATOR online - http://www.cvs1.uklinux.net/cgi-bin/calculators/cap_imp.cgi
A GREAT RC Time Constant CALCULATOR online - http://www.cvs1.uklinux.net/cgi-bin/calculators/time_const.cgi
Visit the electronic calculator home page - http://www.cvs1.uklinux.net/calculators/index.html
Calculating capacitor combined value when in series or parallel:
Page
217 is a Very nice calculator
Parallel and Series Capacitors
Series
and Parallel Capacitors
Series
and Parallel Circuits
Series
/ Parallel Capacitor Calculator
Series
and parallel capacitors - Chapter 13: CAPACITORS - Volume I
Adding
Capacitors in Series and Parallel (DC)
[PDF] Capacitors
in Series & Parallel Parallel: Series:
Capacitors
in Series
Parallel-Plate
Capacitors
Resistance, Frequency, Capacitance Calculator: http://www.opamplabs.com/rfc.htm
CAPACITOR CIRCUITS
AC
capacitor circuits - Chapter 4: REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE
Parallel resistor-capacitor circuits - Chapter 4: REACTANCE AND
Capacitor
Circuitsilar pages
Discover
Circuits - Super Capacitor Circuits
Incomplete
capacitor circuits
www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0903.htm
www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0902.htm
[PDF] Application
Brief 109 - Switched Capacitor Circuits Provide
[PDF] ∫
∫ ∫
Lab
206 Capacitor Circuits
Inductors
are usually made with coils of wire. The wire coils are wound around
iron cores, ferrite cores, or other materials except in the case of an air
core inductor where there is no core other than air. The inductor
stores electrical charge in magnetic fields. When the magnetic field
collapses it induces an electrical charge back into the wire. Inductors
are associated with circuit capacitance and can form a tuned circuit and
resonate at a particular frequency. Two coils close to one
another, as they are in a transformer,
literally transfer charge from one coil to the other. This is called mutual
inductance.
Inductor Calculators:
Inductor
Calculator
SMIrC Laboratory - Spiral Inductor Calculator
Shavano
Music Online - Cross-Over Network; Air Core Inductor
Jim
Hawkins' Java Radio Calculators
Inductor
Calculator
RF
Cafe - Inductor Calculator Spreadsheet
DC
Choke Design Calculator
The
educational encyclopedia, datasheets
Circuit
Sage: Inductor Tools and Links
The
Engineers' Club Online Service - Engineering Calculators
Today
you must learn about powdered iron cores and ferrite materials for winding
your own toroidal coils. Click here for basic background information on powdered
iron and ferrite materials. You will need to know the formulas
for calculating toroidal core inductors; click
HERE for FORMULAS. The cores will be made from different materials.
You will also need information on powdered
iron material. Now you have all the information you need to wind
toroidal coils for your electronics projects. For core material table:
https://www.amidoncorp.com/pages/specifications
To calculate the approximate inductance of a toroid, use the JAVA calculator found here: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/indtor.html#c1 Courtesy of Carl R. (Rod) Nave, Georgia State University. Be sure to visit their main site loaded with JAVA calculators and other science information at: HyperPhysics http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html including an offer of a CD containing of all their fine materials.
Toroid Approximate Inductance CALCULATOR - Toroid CALCULATOR
Torroid Inductance charts: http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/toroidcharts_mcq.htm
http://home.sandiego.edu/~ekim/otherjunk/inductor.pdf
Impedance/Reactance http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/imped.htm
Ferrites are roughly divided into two groups. Those with permeabilities up to 850 are usually made from nickel-zinc material and have high volume resistivity ranging from 1x105 to 1x108. Higher permeability ferrites are usually made from manganese-zinc material and have volume resistivity ranging from 0.1x102 to 1x102. Iron powder cores are usually color coded and have very high volume resistivity. An initial test of the material can be made by checking the dc resistance between opposite faces/sides of a core. Low readings indicate a high permeability material. If you can measure inductance at a low frequency (10-100kHz), wind 10 turns of wire on the core and measure the inductance. You can then work back from the ferrite material formula and calculate the AL value, which can be compared with the tables of known cores of the same physical dimensions and so come up with a reasonable match. If 10 turns does not give a measurable reading try 20 or 30 turns.
RF power rating can be roughly checked by using two exactly similar cores each wound with the same primary and secondary turns (say 10 turns each on primary and secondary) and then connecting the cores back to back as shown. This arrangement provides a 1:1 equivalent so that the transmitter sees the correct load. Losses are doubled by using two transformers, but this does not matter for the test. Set the transmitter to the desired frequency and reduce the rf power output to a minimum. Increase the power output in small steps (say 5 -10W per step) holding each setting for 30 seconds then checking the temperature of each transformer. The transformers should only get warm to touch but NEVER hot. When the final temperature of each transformer has reached about 40 deg.C you can say that you have reached the power limit for that particular core. Some cores will get hot at very low power. You have to make a value judgment about the core physical size versus the power rating achieved.
Useful hints concerning winding toroid coils.
Building a toroid http://www.hamradio-online.com/1999/apr/w6bky-10.html
Toroid Inductance Charts http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/toroidcharts_mcq.htm
A GREAT Inductor Impedance CALCULATOR online - http://www.cvs1.uklinux.net/cgi-bin/calculators/ind_imp.cgi
A GREAT Tuned Circuit Impedance CALCULATOR online - http://www.cvs1.uklinux.net/cgi-bin/calculators/tuned_circuit.cgi
Resonance
[PDF] Sophomore
Physics Laboratory Analog Electronics: Resonant Circuits
[PDF] ELEC290:
Linear Circuits (Electronics II)
Electronics
38
RESONANT
CIRCUITS AS FILTER CIRCUITS
CASPOC
- Power Electronics Simulation Software
Resonance
in series-parallel circuits - Chapter 6: RESONANCE
Electronics
Technician - Program Outline
Electronics
- T
Interactive
Power Electronics Seminar (iPES)
Also see, ALL ABOUT CIRCUITS: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_9/1.html
Electrical Circuit Theorems - EngPlanet.com: Library of Electrical Circuit Theorems http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?1900
Resonant Circuits:
Parallel
Resonant Circuits
Resonant Circuits I
Resonant
Circuits II
resonance
RESONANT
CIRCUITS III
RESONANT
CIRCUITS AS FILTER CIRCUITS
[PDF] Resonant
Circuits by Time and Frequency
[PDF] Sophomore
Physics Laboratory Analog Electronics: Resonant Circuits
Resonant
Circuits in a Magnetron Tube
A
Composite Capacitor/Inductor Assembly for Resonant Circuits
SOFTWARE
| CaMF1.zip | 51k | LP or HP filter and matching circuit calculation. See notes on CaMF |
| CaLC3.zip | 46k | General impedance calculations, LC circuits calculations. Textfile describes, how to use it. |
| CaNI1.zip | 41k | RX front-end IMD and noise figure calculations |
| CaIT1.zip | 48k | Toroidal coil calculations |
| CaIW1.zip | 45k | Wire coil calculations |
| CaQI1.zip | 39k | Inductance and Q measurement helper program |
| Ca2LQ1.zip | 42k | Inductance and Q measurement for coils with parasitic capacitance |
| CaXtal1.zip | 44k | Quarz crystal calculator. It calculates equivalent circuit values from a measurement in a 50 ohm line |
| CaRA1.zip | 44k | Resistive attenuator calculations |
| Xline1.zip | 49k | Microstrip stub design, general tapered stub with reactive termination |
| Tline2.zip | 54k | Impedance transform in a transmission line with microstrip calculations |
Ferrite
(software program) is used to calculate the number of turns required on
toroidal ferrite cores to achieve the desired millihenry-value inductance. 15
different ferrite toroids are included in this application. This program will
calculate the winding data for an inductance range of 0.001 to 27 millihenries.
Style: CONSOLE , File size: 64K , zipped 31K.
Bug Fixes: Thanks to PA3CKR for the bug report ; fixed Jan 19/99.
Current Version is 1/19/99
Download the ferrite.zip
file
Summary of Basic Electronics Fundamentals
A WONDERFUL PHYSICS SITE: Hyper Physics http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html
Now that you have a good background in electricity you can move on to learning about electronics. Electronics puts a knowledge electricity to useful work. Electronics applies electrical current flow to circuits that include current and voltage amplifiers. The amplifiers can be constructed from glass "tubes" containing metal elements, transistors, or integrated circuits. A circuit containing wire conductors, resistors, capacitors, inductors and amplifiers can be configured in many ways to build various electronic circuits like oscillators, digital logic circuits, computer circuits, and much more. An oscillator by the way is just an amplifier with some of the output fed back into the input. Sounds like a perpetual motion machine but it isn't as the amplifiers power supply is providing the additional energy that is lost in the circuit.
NEW!! SEE OUR FREE BASIC ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS COURSE HERE!!!!
-
Notation
- Ohm's Law
- Kirchhoff's Laws
- Thévenin's Theorem
- Norton's Theorem
- Thévenin and Norton Equivalence
- Superposition Theorem
- Reciprocity Theorem
- Compensation Theorem
- Millman's Theorem
- Joule's Law
- Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
- Star-Delta Transformation
- Delta-Star Transformation
Basic Electronics FREE Tutorial
- http://www.tpub.com/neets/
Lessons
on Electric DC Circuits
http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits/DC/index.html
Lessons
on AC Circuits
http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits/AC/index.html
The
Learning Path: Electronics
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci517758,00.html
Basic
Concepts of Electronics
http://library.thinkquest.org/16497/basic/index.html
Basic
Electrical Theory
http://www.elec-toolbox.com/theory.htm
Sweet
Haven has a complete and free basic electronics course:
- click> basic
electronics tutorial.
Epanorama
Basic Electronics http://www.epanorama.net/links/basics.html
101science.com full page of Electronic Tutorial LInks
101science.com electronics links page
NEW and EXCELLENT! EE Theorems and Formulas http://www.bowest.com.au/library.html
Now that you have a great base in basic electronics here are so GREAT LABSA for you to work on.
ANOTHER SOURCE OF GREAT ELECTRONICS LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS: http://www.fisica.unile.it/~demitri/didastuff/p331labs.pdf
SEE OUR BASIC ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS COURSE HERE!!!!
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Below are the best "basic electronics" learning books available.
#1 
Instructor's Manual for Malvino...
Experiments for Electronic Principles...
Excellent/Easy to Comprehend/Succinct, April 2, 2000
| Reviewer: Bonnie Pereida from USA |
I think the book is outstanding because it explains transistors better than any other book I have ever read. Rather than a heavy use of formulas, Malvino relies on concrete explanations of the physical mechanism behind transistor action. On this foundation he then goes on to explain op amps, active filters, and many other advanced topics in the absolute clearest possible way.
-You
must have a good basic electronics text book that is easy to read and learn
and includes everything in detail.
Our recommendation is the book,
BASIC
ELECTRONICS
by Grob
This is an excellent textbook used by
many high schools, vo-tech institutes, colleges and universities throughout
the United States. This book is easy to understand by anyone.
The
illustrations are clear and include worked out problems.
Avg.
Customer Review: 
also
see....>Mathematics
for Grob Basic Electronics
The Art of Electronics Student Manual
Do you need math skills to understand electronics? Yes! All sciences including electronics (a division of physics) requires a certain understanding of mathematics. If you are interested in electronics only as a hobby then general math may be all you will need, to get by. If you are serious about becoming an electronic technician then you will need at least a basic understanding of algebra and and be able to use and make graphs. Electrical engineers need advanced mathematics training through calculus.
Why, you may ask? Basic electronics involves the use of equations. For example, Ohms law requires a basic knowledge of algebra to fully understand it and to be able to use it effectively. Electronic technicians will use Ohms law and other algebraic formulas frequently in typical day's work. Some knowledge of trigonometry would be helpful. Electrical engineers need to know how to calculate various rates of change in electrical parameters in a quick and relatively simple manner. Without the appropriate skills at your level of interest you will be greatly handicapped in your work. There are substitutes for many situations such as pre-printed charts, databases, cookbook circuits, and internet resources. But they may not quite serve your current purpose and will take time to research and find. It is best to obtain basic math skills to a level required by your specific work.
Scared
of calculus?
Scared of calculus symbols? No need to be as they are not meant to scare
you. They are really very simple once you know how to think about them and
know what they represent. For example, often you will see the symbol d
or perhaps dx in a formula.
Well, d simply means a small amount of something.
So, dx simply
means a small amount of whatever x represents. Don't try to multiply the
two (d
and x),
they are not meant for that, just think of dx
as a small amount of x, period. The symbol dx
is called a differential. Also, you might have seen this
symbol, 
called
an integral.
Now that is scary, right? No, not any more because I know it is simply a tall
skinny S. Now how can a tall skinny S
scare anyone? If you think of
as meaning "the sum
of" (the word sum starts with an S)
well, that isn't scary either. I know that 4 is the sum of
2 + 2 already. Let's say you wanted to add up all the little bits of x and
determine the sum of all the dx's
you have. Now putting these
two symbols together,dx
simply represents "the
sum of",
all
the
"little
bits of x"
that
you have.
This
process is often called integration. Integral calculus involves adding up
little bits of things. A better definition might be, "the part
of calculus that deals with integration and its application in the solution of
differential equations and in determining areas or volumes etc." For
more information and explanation of the definitions of integral and differential
calculus see this page - HERE
- and more HERE.
So how does calculus help us in electronics? The whole purpose of calculus is to make very difficult calculations easier. Yes, sometimes down right easy or usually at least somewhat easier. Most people think calculus is designed to make simple calculations difficult to impossible. But that is only because they really don't speak or understand calculus. It is sort of a foreign language. Learn to understand the language like we did above and calculus gets a lot easier. One example is calculating a transformer rate of change in output voltage at any one given instant. A much easier problem to solve if you use calculus. Who dreamed this calculus stuff up any way? If you want to read about the history of calculus go HERE. If you want another clear explanation of calculus read this - HERE.
See some examples of differential calculus and how it it used in electronics HERE.
Useful calculus links
Understanding CapacitanceInductance Formulas - Science Forums and Debate
A
function is something whereby you can put in some variable and get a different,
dependant variable out. So, if f(x)=2x-3, you can put in some value, say 6, and
get f(6)=2(6)-3=9.
Differentiation of a function is the generation of another function for which
the "y-value" (value of the dependant variable at a given
"x-value," or independant variable) of the second is equal to the
gradient, or slope, of the first.
For example, take the function y=f(x)=x^2. For any given x, there is a y that is
equal to x^2. The derivative of this function happens to be f1(x)=2x, meaning
that for a given point on the original curve, its slope can be represented by
2x. So, at x=4, f(x)=4^2=16, and its slope at that point, f1(x)=2(4)=8, or 8
units up for every 1 unit over.
The dy/dx means instantaneous change in y divided by instantaneous change in x.
An explanation: Slope is measured by change in y divided by change in x. So
between two points on a curve, the y-value of the second minus the y -value of
the first, all divided by the x-value of the second divided by the x-value of
the first, will give you the slope of the straight line between those two
points, also called the secant. But we want the slope at a point, which poses
some problems. How can there be any change at one point? Well, there can't,
really, but what we can do is find the change between two points which are
closer to one another than any finite distance. We can determine through algebra
that as you make the distance between them smaller and smaller, the change in y
over change in x gets closer and closer to some definite ratio, which is the
"limit" as the distance between them "approaches zero."
Thus, the "dy/dx" is that ratio at an infinitely small distance,
thereby effectively being the slope at one point.Understanding CapacitanceInductance Formulas - Science Forums and Debate
If it's an upper case sigma then that means the sum of a sequence.
It's
got everything to do with integrals. An integral is the sum of the rectangles
under the curve, change in x (width) times height, the change in width
approaches zero and the number of rectangles approaches infinity. Sums are where
integrals come from. It's basically "the sum of all y-values."
Understanding CapacitanceInductance Formulas - Science Forums and Debate
Understanding CapacitanceInductance Formulas - Science Forums and Debate
Volume Functions A Maximization Problem
Calc 101 Automatic Calculus Solutions
AP Physics & Calculus Problems of the Week From Kentridge High School
Interactive Calculus - Teachers can write Ron Larson odx@psu.edu for a free subscription.
AP Calculus from the College Board
Physics and Calculus Problems of the Week
Finite Mathematics and Applied Calculus Resource Page
Alvirne HS Problem of the Week A gold mine of current and archived problems
The Rental Car Problem from CCP
The rise of calculus For the history buffs among us
AP Calculus on the Web from Sandy Ray
First Semester Calculus The Continuity-Differentiability Issue
The Calculus Hater's Homepage The other side heard from (poor fellow)
Karl's Calculus Tutor Lots of information
Dr. Papa's Course at Rice U. complete with exams
Integral Calc Exam from U of Pitt
Differentiation Problems from U of Pitt
Integration Problems Same Place
Learning Calculus A How-To-Be-Successful List of Tips
The MATHMAN Something about teaching Calculus to 7 year olds
Need to understand electronics, with or without the math? Everyone needs this book. The title is a little misleading but believe me you don't want to be without this clearly written, hands on, basic electronics book.
Great Calculus Tutorial to get you started http://www,math.hcm.edu/calculus/tutorials/substitution
| MUST HAVE! TI-83 Plus | BETTER! TI-89 | BEST! Voyage 200 |
A very easy way to learn the math you need is to view the various "Standard Deviants" videos. The hard material is presented in a fun and interesting manner. Give them a try.
ELECTRONICS REFERENCE MATERIAL AND FORMULAS
FORMULAS
-
EngPlanet.com Library
- Electrical Circuit Formulae
http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?1901
Circuit
Sage: Phase Locked Loop Tools and Links
RF Avenue - PLL Design, Tutorial, Circuits, & Tools -- Phase
Phase-Locked
Loop Circuit Design
Discover
Circuits - Phased Locked Loop (PLL) Circuits
Find
in a Library: Phase-locked loop circuit design | English Book
[PDF] Application
Note
Chipworks
- Publications - Comparative Analysis of Phase Locked
The educational encyclopedia, Phase Locked Loop, PLL circuits, Pll
Phase-Locked
Loop Circuit Design
RF
Avenue - PLL Design, Tutorial, Circuits, & Tools -- Phase
PDF] AN177
An overview of the phase-locked loop (PLL)
Interactive
Digital Phase Locked Loop Design
Digital
Phase Locked Loop (phy-pages/dpll.html)
[PDF] Phase-Locked
Loops: A Control Centric Tutorial
[PDF] Application
Note
Philips
Semiconductors - Semiconductor Logic [Products - Phase
Circuit
Sage: Phase Locked Loop Tools and Links
Amazon.com:
Books: Phase-Locked Loop Circuit Design
Phase
Locked Loop
Download
Mathematics & Simulation / Mathcad from Adept Scientific ...
Ashley
- Analog Electronics with LabVIEW
EE
3050 - Analog Electronics
EDN
- MathCAD functions perform log interpolation
[PDF] Chart
Analysis Enhanced with Mathcad
http://www.benkoltd.com/yazilim/mathcad/Mathcad_Files.htm
Mathcad Circuits http://www.mathcad.com/library/LibraryContent/MathML/Ashley.htm
Mathcad
Resources for Electronics - Circuit Sage
Home
New Routine
A/D Design
Filter Design
Impedance Matching
Inductor Design
LNA/PA Design
PLL Design
Transceiver Design
Transmission Line Design
The
following MathCad scripts accompany the book
"High-Speed Signal
Propagation: Advanced Black Magic"
These
scripts may be used to simulate long transmission structures using the
frequency-domain method, which for linear systems is acknowledged as
the "gold standard" against which other simulation
technologies are measured. These scripts provide incredible control
over every parameter of simulation. They may be re-programmed to suit
almost any need. The scripts are provided in MathCad syntax, and also
in the form of .pdf files in case you want to just see the equations
so you can port them to another brand of mathematical spreadsheet.
Version
2001i MathCad / High-Speed Signal Propagation modeling scripts (.zip)
Version
8 MathCad / High-Speed Signal Propagation modeling scripts (.zip)
Version
6 MathCad / High-Speed Signal Propagation modeling scripts (.zip)
Version 2001i
High-Speed Signal Propagation .PDF versions (.zip)
Go to the separate 101science.com transistor page Click >> HERE
Transistors and amplification introductory - basic information. http://landau1.phys.virginia.edu/classes/241L/transist/transold.htm
NEW! Click HERE for the latest breaking Semiconductor Industry News.
Radio Calculators http://www.qsl.net/yo5ofh/data_sheets/amateur%20radio%20computer.htm
Semi-conductor DATA SHEETS http://www.qsl.net/yo5ofh/data_sheets/data_sheets_page.htm
Digital electronics is based on electronic switches. A circuit is either on or off represented by the presence of a voltage or not or in some cases two different voltages. A string of on or off conditions are made to represent numbers. These are usually binary numbers but could be based on a variety of mathematical bases. For example, "Hexadecimal" or a base of 16. But the most common is binary. Any number can be represented in a binary based system with a series of ones' and zero's (voltage on/off conditions). Here is a short table of some binary numbers and their decimal equivalents. The binary numbers place values from right to left as shown in the table are; one, two, four, and eight. So, binary 1111 is the same as adding 1+2+4+8 from right to left and that equals 15. See the samples below then study the chart.
1 1 1 1 = 15 binary 1 0 0 1 = 9 binary 1 0 1 1 = 11 binary
8+4+2+1 = 15 decimal 8+0+0+1 = 9 decimal 8+0+2+1 = 11 decimal
| DECIMAL= | BINARY | DECIMAL = | BINARY |
| 0 | 0000 | 8 | 1000 |
| 1 | 0001 | 9 | 1001 |
| 2 | 0010 | 10 | 1010 |
| 3 | 0011 | 11 | 1011 |
| 4 | 0100 | 12 | 1100 |
| 5 | 0101 | 13 | 1101 |
| 6 | 0110 | 14 | 1110 |
| 7 | 0111 | 15 | 1111 |
For an online course on digital electronics and how binary mathematics is used in LOGIC blocks visit this web site: http://www.gamezero.com/team-0/articles/math_magic/micro/comb.html
Digital Projects: http://www.eleinmec.com/category.asp?3
These basic concepts are the building blocks for more sophisticated configurations of digital electronic integrated circuits. Today digital integrated circuits combine hundreds and thousands of switches per IC package. It is not necessary to know exactly what the internal circuitry is but you must know the fundamentals to understand how to use the IC's together to build digital equipment. Our computer industry today depends upon many people knowing and using these same basic fundamentals.
Digital Electronics Online Problem - http://science-ebooks.com/electronics/digital_electronics.htm
Digital Electronics & Superconductors http://www.ece.rochester.edu/~sde/cool/coollinks.html
Howstuffworks "How Electronic Gates Work"
Digital Electronics Corporation
Digital Logic and Computer
Systems College Course http://www.physics.mcmaster.ca/phy4d6/
Digital
electronics Book recommendation: Digital
Systems,
by by Ronald J. Tocci (Author), Neal S. Widmer (Author)
EXCELLENT!| Reviewer: A reader |
Television Tutorials - Williamson Labs!
EIA 1956 Video Resolution Chart for printing
http://www.bealecorner.com/trv900/respat/EIA1956.pdf
Television means "seeing at a distance". It may be described as a system for the conversion of light rays from still or moving scenes and pictures into electric signals for transmission or storage, and subsequent reconversion into visual images on a screen.
Basically the image formed by the camera lens is focused on a light sensitive material that is scanned in horizontal lines with each line following closely beneath it. The light intensity (and color) is converted into an electrical signal and transmitted over the air or through cables to a receiver. The "TV" receiver converts the electrical signals back into scan lines traced on a cathode ray tube (CRT). The fluorescent material on the face of the CRT is activated by the CRT's scanning electron beam to re-form the picture.
Basic Video information HERE.
http://webs.soltec.net/movpic/Video.htm
NTSC signal information: http://www.seanet.com/Users/bradford/ntscvideo.html
Free television and video articles and guides
HERE. http://www.videouniversity.com/article2.htm
Click HERE to view a "large list" of links related to television and video.
Electronics Tutorials - Williamson Labs!
COMOS
DATASHEETS
http://www.electronics-lab.com/downloads/datasheets/cmos.html
TTL
DATASHEETS
http://www.electronics-lab.com/downloads/datasheets/ttl.html
More at http://www.electronics-lab.com/downloads/index.html
NEWS! Click on titles below for the latest breaking news - updated every 15 minutes.
"AT&T
Corporation" NEWS.
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Security" NEWS.
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Services" NEWS.
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Electronics" NEWS.
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Antenna
wavelength calculator.
Enter operating frequency and then click
the full wavelength (WL) or 1/2 or 1/4 wavelenth button. to see antenna length
required.
| MHz |
| = ft. (or inches.) |
Don't miss the
Electronic Engineers!
HOT-SHEET
_ Everything you need!
http://ee.cleversoul.com/hotsheet.html
NEW EngPlanet Electrical Engineering Technical Reference - http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?3804
NEW EngPlanet AWG Wire Chart - http://www.engplanet.com/redirect.html?3802
Electronic Circuit Design Page
Audio Spectrum Analyzer and Equalizer Designs http://www.ethanwiner.com/spectrum.html
Audio Filters--Theory and Practice http://www.ethanwiner.com/filters.html
FREEWARE Software: http://www.schematica.com/Fil_Xfer/Transfer.htm
Unisoft
VIEW-MARKUP module (Free Download)
Printed Circuit Board assembly viewer software VIEW comes free with the
Unisoft VIEW-MARKUP module. VIEW-MARKUP is a fantastic tool
for anyone
involved in electronics. Unisoft VIEW-MARKUP displays your PCB assembly
on
a PC and finds components, nets, pin, part numbers, shorted traces, and more
instantly. VIEW-MARKUP has a schematic mode and generates process
documentation, assembly instruction sheet, etc. For more information and
to
download the free software and Tutorial Movie go to
www.unisoft-cim.com/pcbview.htm or phone 888-486-4246
PCB
Design
Merlin PCB Designer - Shareware version 1.3 for CorelDRAW 7
http://www.geocities.com/MerliPCB/index.html
HOW TO MAKE PRINTED CIRCUITS Click>>HERE http://www.thinktink.com/stack/volumes/volvi/pcbproto.htm
PCB Board Creation - Design Software!
Eagle PCB Design Software http://www.cadsoft.de/info.htm
Eagle Lite Freeware http://www.cadsoft.de/freeware.htm
Eagle Download http://www.cadsoft.de/cgi-bin/download.pl?page=/home/cadsoft/html_public/download.htm.en&dir=pub/program/4.1
Eagle Getting Started Tutorial http://fab.media.mit.edu/topics/electronics/pcb/
An Eagle Board Example: An Eagle Schematic Example:
EAGLE SUPPORTING WEBSITES
CadSoft
Online: EAGLE Layout Editor - [ Translate
this page ]
CadSoft Online: Home of the EAGLE Layout Editor
Spiace
and Eagle PCB software
Eagle
PCB Integration
Creating
Eagle PCB Board
Eagle
PCB layout
Eagle
PCB -> LPKF Milling Machine Mini-How-To
[PDF] Eagle
PCB Train at Home Course
EAGLE
PCB Power Tools
Welcome
to Eagle PCB editor pages
[PDF] Eagle
PCB On-Site Training
[IndustryCommunity.com]
eagle pcb software - what do you think of ...
diyAudio
Forums Archive - Eagle PCB VS Express PCB
eagle
pcb - [ Translate
this page ]
Routing
Signal Trace on Eagle PCB Layout
Other PCB Sources
ExpressPCB
- Free PCB layout software - Low cost circuit boards
Making Printed Circuit Boards
IPC -
Association Connecting Electronics Industries
Printed
Circuit Design & Manufacture Magazine Online
Advanced
Circuits
Download
free shareware around PCB : Printed circuit board - PCB
Printed
Circuit Boards and Assemblies - Tyco Electronics
PCBexpress
prototype printed circuit board manufacturer
EEE Library Access -
Free
http://www.eeisnet.com/Library/journal_main.asp
EE Software Downloads
http://www.ee4u.com/eeRnD/sdownload/sdownload_intro.asp
Hobby
Circuits Very
High Quality!
1 More Circuits
2 More Circuits
ePanorama
Larry's
Robotics and Circuits
Electronics Plus - Basic electronics and projects for the hobbiest.
Electronics Learning on the Internet - very good site
New Database Listings
- very complete for semiconductors
http://www.bgs.nu/sdw/a.html
EXCELLENT! EE Theorems and Formulas http://www.bowest.com.au/library.html
Oscilloscope
SOFTWARE
by Matthijs Hajer
Download here: http://home.planet.nl/~m.f.hajer/scope2k.htm
Engineering/Electronics
Calculator Software
http://www.scienceshareware.com/indexSub.htm
Technical Data - http://home.san.rr.com/nessengr/techdata/techindex.html
Wire Information http://www.wiretron.com/
FILTERSCAD
- Design Electronic Filters
FiltersCAD
http://www.filterscad.com
FREE
AADE Filter Design Program : http://www.aade.com/filter32/download.htm
And
a free shareware downloads at
http://www.filterscad.com/html/downloads.html
Filter Programs:
ePanorama
GTH Electronics: Free DOS Circuit Analysis and Waveform Analysis
Almost
All Digital Electronics
Electronic
filter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Circuit
Sage: Filter Design and Analysis
CRYSTALS,
OSCILLATORS, FILTERS, PRECISION CRYSTALS, CRYSTAL
Driver
Guide - free downloads - freeware and shareware MISC ›
LC
and crystal filter software
what's
new on Ian Purdie's electronic tutorial and electronic
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AppCAD Ver 3.0 now available !
What is AppCAD?
AppCAD is an easy-to-use program that provides you with a unique suite of RF design tools and computerized Application Notes to make your wireless design job faster and easier. AppCAD's unique, interactive approach makes engineering calculations quick and easy for many RF, microwave, and wireless applications. AppCAD is useful for the design and analysis of many circuits, signals, and systems using products from discrete transistors and diodes to Silicon and GaAs integrated circuits. The keyword for AppCAD is easy - no circuit files, no manuals - just quick and easy.
See our: Amateur Radio Page
Amateur Radio and other software http://www.vwlowen.demon.co.uk/radio/files.htm
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Radio Calculators
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CSG's
Online Calculator - General Math
8051
Microcontroller Peripheral Timing Calculator
Acoustic
Reverb Delay (RT60) Calculator
Active
Audio Filter Calculator
Amateur
Radio TVI Troubleshooter
Astable
555 Square Wave Calculator
Atmospheric
Sound Absorption Calculator
Audio
Pre-Amplifier Calculator
Battery
Charge Time Calculator
Board
Etch Run Impedance Calculator
Capacitor
Information, Converters and Calculators
CCD
Focal Length Calculator
CCD
Object Resolution Calculator
CCD
Object Size Calculator
Coil
Frequency From Wire Length Calculator
Dielectric
Constants Of Various Materials Table
DIVX
Bitrate Calculator
Electrical
Harmonics Calaculator
Electronics
Hobby Project Information
Frequency
Wavelength Calculator
General
Device Frequency Information
Helical
Primary Turns Calculator For Coils
Impedance
And Resonant Capacitor Calculator For Coils
Inductance
Calculator For Spiral Flat Coils
Jar
Capacitance Calculator For Coils
LED
(Multiple) Circuit Power And Series Resistor Calculator
LED
(Single) Circuit Power And Series Resistor Calculator
Metric -
English Energy Converter
Metric -
English Power Converter
Monostable
555 Timeout Calculator
Ohm's Law
Calculations
Ohm's Law
Calculations With Power
Op-Amplifier
Calculator
Parallel
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Percentage
Calculator
Resistance,
Capacitance, Voltage, And Time Calculator
Resistor
Color Code Table And Calculator
Speaker
70 Volt Powered Line Calculator
T-Pad
/ H-Pad Resistance Calculator
Telephone
Alpha Representation To Number Conversion
Telephone
Number To Alpha Representation Conversion
Transformer
Values Calculator
Series
Resistance Calculator
Speaker
Combination Decibel Calculator
Speaker
Decibel Change Calculator
Speaker
Decibel Change From Voltage Change Calculator
Speaker
Decibel Power Change Calculator
Speaker
Sound Q Calculator
Voltage
Divider Calculator
Transistor
Simulator And Calculator
Voltage
Drop Calculator
Wire
Length From Coil Frequency Calculator
Zener
Diode Calculator
Current Solutions, Inc - Your OEM Power Supply Resource Center
The
Electronics Calculator Website
Electronics Converters and Calculators
History
of Calculators
Electronics
Calculators
Sharp
calculators at sharpUSA.comElectronics
Calculators
The
Calculator Museum Web PageJumbo
Electronics : Calculators - Printing from Casio
Calculator
History: Wang Laboratories: From Custom Systems to
Online
ElectronicCalculators
http://www.discovercircuits.com/resources/calculators.html
101science Calculator and conversion page
| MUST HAVE! TI-83 Plus | BETTER! TI-89 | BEST! Voyage 200 |
Transceiver
Design Papers - GREAT!!
CAD http://kabuki.eecs.berkeley.edu/slides.html#cad
Theses http://kabuki.eecs.berkeley.edu/thesis.html
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Power Supply Circuits
imple 5V power supplySpecial!!!
RFSIM99
Download RFsim99.exe
RFsim99
linear simulator.
RFSim99 is a free
linear
S-parameter based circuit simulator offering schematic capture, simulation, 1
port and 2 port S-parameter display and file support, tolerance analysis,
stability circles, and much more. Requires Windows 95, 98, NT or 2000. File size
2045KB.
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